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VMware Tanzu Software
Tanzu Data Solutions
Tanzu Greenplum
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Tanzu Greenplum 6
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Topics
Version 6.28.x
Release Notes
Platform Requirements
Concepts
About the Greenplum Architecture
About Management and Monitoring Utilities
About Concurrency Control in Greenplum Database
Example of Managing Transaction IDs
About Parallel Data Loading
About Redundancy and Failover in Greenplum Database
About Database Statistics in Greenplum Database
VMware Greenplum on vSphere
Overview
Architecture
Planning VMware vSphere with Greenplum
Greenplum Storage Sizer for Two-Tiered Architectures
Prerequisites
Setting Up VMware vSphere Network
Setting Up VMware vSphere DRS and HA
Setting Up VMware vSphere Storage
Setting Up VMware vSphere Encryption
Validating VMware vSphere Setup Performance with HCI Bench
Setting Up the Greenplum Virtual Appliance
Deploying Greenplum on vSphere
Configuring Terraform for Greenplum Cluster Deployment on VMware vSphere
Installing the Greenplum High Availability Service
Managing the High Availability Service for Mirrorless Greenplum
Upgrading the High Availability Service for Mirrorless Greenplum
Managing Single Host Failures in vSphere
Planning Downtime for Maintenance
Installing and Upgrading
Estimating Storage Capacity
Configuring Your Systems
Installing the Greenplum Database Software
Verifying a Greenplum Database Software Download
Creating the Data Storage Areas
Validating Your Systems
Initializing a Greenplum Database System
Installing Optional Extensions
Procedural Language, Machine Learning, and Geospatial Extensions
Data Science Package for Python
R Data Science Library Package
Greenplum Platform Extension Framework (PXF)
Installing Additional Supplied Modules
Configuring Timezone and Localization Settings
Upgrading to Greenplum 6
Upgrading from an Earlier Greenplum 6 Release
PXF Upgrade and Migration
Migrating PXF from Greenplum 5.x to 6.x
Migrating gphdfs External Tables to PXF
Upgrading PXF When You Upgrade from a Previous Greenplum Database 6.x Version
Migrating Data from Greenplum 4.3 or 5 to Greenplum 6
Migrating Open Source Greenplum Database to VMware Greenplum Database
Migrating VMware Greenplum from Enterprise Linux 7 to 8
Enabling iptables (Optional)
Installation Management Utilities
Greenplum Environment Variables
Example Ansible Playbook
Securing Your System
Securing the Database
Greenplum Database Ports and Protocols
Configuring Client Authentication
Configuring Database Authorization
Auditing
Encrypting Data and Database Connections
Security Best Practices
Managing Data
Defining Database Objects
Creating and Managing Databases
Creating and Managing Tablespaces
Creating and Managing Schemas
Creating and Managing Tables
Choosing the Table Storage Model
Partitioning Large Tables
Creating and Using Sequences
Using Indexes in Greenplum Database
Creating and Managing Views
Best Practices when Creating Views
Working with View Dependencies
About View Storage in Greenplum Database
Creating and Managing Materialized Views
Working with External Data
Accessing External Data with PXF
Defining External Tables
file:// Protocol
gpfdist:// Protocol
gpfdists:// Protocol
pxf:// Protocol
s3:// Protocol
Using a Custom Protocol
Handling Errors in External Table Data
Creating and Using External Web Tables
Examples for Creating External Tables
Example 1—Single gpfdist instance on single-NIC machine
Example 2—Multiple gpfdist instances
Example 3—Multiple gpfdists instances
Example 4—Single gpfdist instance with error logging
Example 5—TEXT Format on a Hadoop Distributed File Server
Example 6—Multiple files in CSV format with header rows
Example 7—Readable External Web Table with Script
Example 8—Writable External Table with gpfdist
Example 9—Writable External Web Table with Script
Example 10—Readable and Writable External Tables with XML Transformations
Accessing External Data with Foreign Tables
Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
Using the Greenplum Parallel File Server (gpfdist)
Loading and Unloading Data
Greenplum Client and Loader Tools Package
About the Tools Package
Installing the Client and Loader Tools Package
Running the UNIX Tools Installer
Running the Windows Tools Installer
Configuring Greenplum Database for Remote Client Access
Configuring a Client System for Kerberos Authentication
Using the Client and Loader Tools
Client and Loader Utility Reference
createdb
createuser
dropdb
dropuser
gpfdist
gpload
gpkafka
gpss
gpsscli
pg_dump
pg_dumpall
psql
Loading Data Using an External Table
Loading and Writing Non-HDFS Custom Data
Using a Custom Format
Importing and Exporting Fixed Width Data
Examples: Read Fixed-Width Data
Using a Custom Protocol
Handling Load Errors
Define an External Table with Single Row Error Isolation
Capture Row Formatting Errors and Declare a Reject Limit
Viewing Bad Rows in the Error Log
Moving Data between Tables
Loading Data with gpload
Accessing External Data with PXF
Loading Kafka Data with the Greenplum Streaming Server
Loading Data with the Greenplum Streaming Server
Using the Greenplum Connector for Apache Spark
Using the Greenplum Connector for Informatica
Loading Data with the Greenplum Connector for Apache NiFi
Transforming External Data with gpfdist and gpload
Loading Data with COPY
Running COPY in Single Row Error Isolation Mode
Optimizing Data Load and Query Performance
Unloading Data from Greenplum Database
Defining a File-Based Writable External Table
Example 1—Greenplum file server (gpfdist)
Example 2—Hadoop file server (pxf)
Defining a Command-Based Writable External Web Table
Deactivating EXECUTE for Web or Writable External Tables
Unloading Data Using a Writable External Table
Unloading Data Using COPY
Formatting Data Files
Formatting Rows
Formatting Columns
Representing NULL Values
Escaping
Escaping in Text Formatted Files
Escaping in CSV Formatted Files
Character Encoding
Example Custom Data Access Protocol
Installing the External Table Protocol
gpextprotocal.c
Querying Data
About Greenplum Query Processing
About GPORCA
Overview of GPORCA
Activating and Deactivating GPORCA
Collecting Root Partition Statistics
Considerations when Using GPORCA
GPORCA Features and Enhancements
Changed Behavior with GPORCA
GPORCA Limitations
Determining the Query Optimizer that is Used
About Uniform Multi-level Partitioned Tables
Defining Queries
WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)
Using Functions and Operators
Working with JSON Data
Working with XML Data
Using Full Text Search
About Full Text Search
Searching Text in Database Tables
Controlling Text Search
Additional Text Search Features
Text Search Parsers
Text Search Dictionaries
Text Search Configuration Example
Testing and Debugging Text Search
GiST and GIN Indexes for Text Search
psql Support
Limitations
Using Greenplum MapReduce
Query Performance
Managing Spill Files Generated by Queries
Query Profiling
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Machine Learning and Deep Learning using MADlib
Graph Analytics
Geospatial
Geospatial Analytics
Text Search
Text Analytics and Search
Greenplum Database R Client
Procedural Languages
PL/Container Language
Using PL/Container
Optional: Customizing the PL/Container Image
PL/Java Language
PL/Perl Language
PL/pgSQL Language
PL/Python Language
PL/R Language
Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data
Configuring and Managing VMware Tanzu Data Lake
Overview of VMware Tanzu Data Lake
Installing VMware Tanzu Data Lake
Using VMware Tanzu Data Lake
Hadoop Ports and Firewall Configuration
System Administration
About the Greenplum Database Release Version Number
Starting and Stopping Greenplum Database
Managing Database Access
Configuring Client Authentication
Using LDAP Authentication with TLS/SSL
Using Kerberos Authentication
Configuring Kerberos for Linux Clients
Configuring Kerberos For Windows Clients
Managing Roles and Privileges
Accessing the Database
Establishing a Database Session
Supported Client Applications
Greenplum Database Client Applications
Connecting with psql
Using the PgBouncer Connection Pooler
Database Application Interfaces
Troubleshooting Connection Problems
Configuring the Greenplum Database System
About Greenplum Database Master and Local Parameters
Setting Configuration Parameters
Setting a Local Configuration Parameter
Setting a Master Configuration Parameter
Setting Parameters at the System Level
Setting Parameters at the Database Level
Setting Parameters at the Role Level
Setting Parameters in a Session
Viewing Server Configuration Parameter Settings
Configuration Parameter Categories
Enabling Compression
Configuring Proxies for the Greenplum Interconnect
Enabling High Availability and Data Consistency Features
Overview of Greenplum Database High Availability
Overview of Segment Mirroring
Overview of Master Mirroring
Enabling Mirroring in Greenplum Database
Enabling Segment Mirroring
Enabling Master Mirroring
How Greenplum Database Detects a Failed Segment
Checking for Failed Segments
Understanding Segment Recovery
Recovering from Segment Failures
Recovering a Failed Master
Restoring Master Mirroring After a Recovery
Backing Up and Restoring Databases
Expanding a Greenplum System
System Expansion Overview
Planning Greenplum System Expansion
Preparing and Adding Hosts
Initializing New Segments
Redistributing Tables
Post Expansion Tasks
Migrating Data with gpcopy
Monitoring a Greenplum System
Routine System Maintenance Tasks
Recommended Monitoring and Maintenance Tasks
Managing Performance
Defining Database Performance
Distribution and Skew
Common Causes of Performance Issues
Greenplum Database Memory Overview
Managing Resources
Using Resource Groups
Using Resource Queues
Investigating a Performance Problem
Best Practices
Best Practices Summary
System Configuration
Schema Design
Memory and Resource Management with Resource Groups
Memory and Resource Management with Resource Queues
System Monitoring and Maintenance
Updating Statistics with ANALYZE
Managing Bloat in a Database
Monitoring Greenplum Database Log Files
Loading Data
Identifying and Mitigating Heap Table Performance Issues
Security
Encrypting Data and Database Connections
Tuning SQL Queries
High Availability
Reference
SQL Commands
SQL Syntax Summary
ABORT
ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER COLLATION
ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER EXTENSION
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER PROTOCOL
ALTER RESOURCE GROUP
ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE
ALTER ROLE
ALTER RULE
ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SERVER
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER
ALTER USER MAPPING
ALTER VIEW
ANALYZE
BEGIN
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
CLUSTER
COMMENT
COMMIT
COPY
CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST
CREATE COLLATION
CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE EXTENSION
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE PROTOCOL
CREATE RESOURCE GROUP
CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE
CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER
CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW
DEALLOCATE
DECLARE
DELETE
DISCARD
DO
DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST
DROP COLLATION
DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN
DROP EXTENSION
DROP EXTERNAL TABLE
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FOREIGN TABLE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OWNED
DROP PROTOCOL
DROP RESOURCE GROUP
DROP RESOURCE QUEUE
DROP ROLE
DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SERVER
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE
DROP USER
DROP USER MAPPING
DROP VIEW
END
EXECUTE
EXPLAIN
FETCH
GRANT
INSERT
LISTEN
LOAD
LOCK
MOVE
NOTIFY
PREPARE
REASSIGN OWNED
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
REINDEX
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
RESET
RETRIEVE
REVOKE
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT
SELECT
SELECT INTO
SET
SET CONSTRAINTS
SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION
SHOW
START TRANSACTION
TRUNCATE
UNLISTEN
UPDATE
VACUUM
VALUES
Data Types
Date/Time Types
Pseudo-Types
Text Search Data Types
Range Types
Summary of Built-in Functions
Additional Supplied Modules
advanced_password_check
auto_explain
btree_gin
citext
dblink
diskquota
fuzzystrmatch
gp_array_agg
gp_check_functions
gp_legacy_string_agg
gp_parallel_retrieve_cursor
gp_percentile_agg
gp_sparse_vector
greenplum_fdw
hstore
ip4r
isn
ltree
orafce
orafce_ext
pageinspect
pg_trgm
pgaudit
pgcrypto
postgres_fdw
postgresql-hll
sslinfo
tablefunc
timestamp9
uuid-ossp
Character Set Support
Server Configuration Parameters
Parameter Categories
Configuration Parameters
Database Utilities
About the Greenplum Database Utilities
Utility Reference
analyzedb
clusterdb
createdb
createuser
dropdb
dropuser
gpactivatestandby
gpaddmirrors
gpbackup_manager
gpbackup
gpcheckcat
gpcheckperf
gpconfig
gpcopy
gpdeletesystem
gpexpand
gpfdist
gpinitstandby
gpinitsystem
gpkafka
gpload
gplogfilter
gpmapreduce
gpmapreduce.yaml
gpmemreport
gpmemwatcher
gpmovemirrors
gpmt
gpmt analyze_session
gpmt gp_log_collector
gpmt storage_rca_collector
gpmt gpstatscheck
gpmt packcore
gppkg
gprecoverseg
gpreload
gprestore
gpscp
gpss
gpssh
gpssh-exkeys
gpstart
gpstate
gpstop
gpv
gpv base
gpv config
gpv greenplum
pg_config
pg_dump
pg_dumpall
pg_restore
pgbouncer
pgbouncer.ini
pgbouncer-admin
plcontainer
plcontainer Configuration File
psql
reindexdb
vacuumdb
Additional Supplied Programs
pg_upgrade
pg_xlogdump
System Catalogs
System Tables
System Views
System Catalogs Definitions
foreign_data_wrapper_options
foreign_data_wrappers
foreign_server_options
foreign_servers
foreign_table_options
foreign_tables
gp_configuration_history
gp_distributed_log
gp_distributed_xacts
gp_distribution_policy
gpexpand.expansion_progress
gp_endpoints
gpexpand.status
gpexpand.status_detail
gp_fastsequence
gp_id
gp_pgdatabase
gp_resgroup_config
gp_resgroup_status
gp_resgroup_status_per_host
gp_resgroup_status_per_segment
gp_resqueue_status
gp_segment_configuration
gp_segment_endpoints
gp_session_endpoints
gp_stat_replication
gp_transaction_log
gp_version_at_initdb
pg_aggregate
pg_am
pg_amop
pg_amproc
pg_appendonly
pg_attrdef
pg_attribute
pg_attribute_encoding
pg_auth_members
pg_authid
pg_available_extension_versions
pg_available_extensions
pg_cast
pg_class
pg_compression
pg_constraint
pg_conversion
pg_cursors
pg_database
pg_db_role_setting
pg_depend
pg_description
pg_enum
pg_extension
pg_exttable
pg_foreign_data_wrapper
pg_foreign_server
pg_foreign_table
pg_index
pg_inherits
pg_language
pg_largeobject
pg_locks
pg_matviews
pg_max_external_files
pg_namespace
pg_opclass
pg_operator
pg_opfamily
pg_partition
pg_partition_columns
pg_partition_encoding
pg_partition_rule
pg_partition_templates
pg_partitions
pg_pltemplate
pg_proc
pg_resgroup
pg_resgroupcapability
pg_resourcetype
pg_resqueue
pg_resqueue_attributes
pg_resqueuecapability
pg_rewrite
pg_roles
pg_rules
pg_shdepend
pg_shdescription
pg_stat_activity
pg_stat_all_indexes
pg_stat_all_tables
pg_stat_last_operation
pg_stat_last_shoperation
pg_stat_operations
pg_stat_partition_operations
pg_stat_replication
pg_statistic
pg_stat_resqueues
pg_tablespace
pg_trigger
pg_type
pg_type_encoding
pg_user_mapping
pg_user_mappings
user_mapping_options
user_mappings
The gp_toolkit Administrative Schema
The gpperfmon Database
database_*
diskspace_*
interface_stats_*
log_alert_*
queries_*
segment_*
socket_stats_*
system_*
dynamic_memory_info
memory_info
SQL Features, Reserved and Key Words, and Compliance
Summary of Greenplum Features
Reserved Identifiers and SQL Key Words
SQL 2008 Optional Feature Compliance
Objects Removed in Greenplum 6
Server Configuration Changes from Greenplum 5 to 6
Server Programmatic Interfaces
DataDirect ODBC Driver
DataDirect JDBC Driver
Greenplum Partner Connector API
Developing a Background Worker Process
Previous Releases
Tanzu Greenplum 6.27
Tanzu Greenplum 6.26
Tanzu Greenplum 6.25
Tanzu Greenplum 6.24
Tanzu Greenplum 6.23
Tanzu Greenplum 6.22
Tanzu Greenplum 6.21
Tanzu Greenplum 6.20
Tanzu Greenplum 6.19
Tanzu Greenplum 6.18
Tanzu Greenplum 6.17
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Last Updated March 11, 2025
Machine Learning and Deep Learning using MADlib
Graph Analytics
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